;                                                                                                            東莞市德爾創(chuang)電子有限公司

壓(ya)敏(min)電阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)的(de)電阻(zu)(zu)體(ti)(ti)材料是(shi)半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)，所以(yi)(yi)它是(shi)半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)電阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)的(de)一個品種。現在大量使用的(de)"氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)"(ZnO)壓(ya)敏(min)電阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)，它的(de)主體(ti)(ti)材料有二價元素(su)(Zn)和六價元素(su)氧(yang)(yang)(O)所構(gou)成。所以(yi)(yi)從材料的(de)角(jiao)度(du)來看，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)壓(ya)敏(min)電阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)是(shi)一種“Ⅱ-Ⅵ族(zu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)”。
　　對于(yu)我(wo)們設備中(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏電阻，原選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)型號為(wei)14D101K，實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)3個(ge)(ge)月(yue)中(zhong)，此(ci)型號壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏電阻經常燒(shao)毀。后改為(wei)14D121K，實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)3個(ge)(ge)月(yue)，沒有(you)發現(xian)燒(shao)壞(huai)。所以，為(wei)指導(dao)以后工作，整理并(bing)(bing)學習此(ci)資(zi)料(liao)，并(bing)(bing)在(zai)整理過程中(zhong)，發現(xian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏電阻不應(ying)該直(zhi)接并(bing)(bing)接在(zai)元件的輸入端(duan)。具(ju)體壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏電阻的資(zi)料(liao)如下：
　　一、壓敏電阻的原(yuan)理
　　壓(ya)敏電(dian)阻意思(si)是“在一定電(dian)流電(dian)壓(ya)范圍內(nei)電(dian)阻值隨(sui)電(dian)壓(ya)而變”，或者是說(shuo)“電(dian)阻值對電(dian)壓(ya)敏感”的阻器。相應的英文名稱叫“VoltageDependentResistor”簡(jian)寫為(wei)“VDR”。
　　隨著加在它上面的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)斷增(zeng)大(da)，它的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值可以從MΩ(兆歐)級(ji)變(bian)到(dao)(dao)mΩ(毫歐)級(ji)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)較(jiao)低時(shi)(shi)，壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)工(gong)作于(yu)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)區(qu)，呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)很(hen)大(da)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很(hen)小；當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高進入(ru)非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)區(qu)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在相當(dang)大(da)的范圍(wei)內(nei)變(bian)化時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)化不(bu)(bu)大(da)，呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)較(jiao)好的限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)特性(xing)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)再升高，壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)進入(ru)飽和區(qu)，呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)個(ge)很(hen)小的線(xian)(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很(hen)大(da)，時(shi)(shi)間一(yi)長就會使壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)過熱(re)燒毀甚至炸裂(lie)。正常使用時(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)處于(yu)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)區(qu)，受到(dao)(dao)浪涌(yong)沖擊時(shi)(shi)進入(ru)非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)區(qu)泄放浪涌(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，一(yi)般不(bu)(bu)能進入(ru)飽和區(qu)
　　壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻器的電(dian)(dian)阻體材(cai)料(liao)(liao)是(shi)半導體，所以(yi)它(ta)(ta)是(shi)半導體電(dian)(dian)阻器的一個品種。現在大(da)量使用(yong)的"氧(yang)化鋅"(ZnO)壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻器，它(ta)(ta)的主體材(cai)料(liao)(liao)有二價(jia)元(yuan)素(Zn)和(he)六價(jia)元(yuan)素氧(yang)(O)所構(gou)成(cheng)。所以(yi)從材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的角度(du)來看，氧(yang)化鋅壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻器是(shi)一種“Ⅱ-Ⅵ族(zu)氧(yang)化物半導體”。
　　二、壓敏電(dian)阻的作用
　　壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)最大特(te)點是當(dang)(dang)加在它(ta)上面的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于(yu)它(ta)的(de)(de)閥值"UN"時(shi)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)它(ta)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)極(ji)小，相當(dang)(dang)于(yu)一(yi)只關死(si)的(de)(de)閥門，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過(guo)UN時(shi)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)它(ta)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)激(ji)增，相當(dang)(dang)于(yu)閥門打開。利用這一(yi)功(gong)能，可以抑制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)經(jing)常出(chu)現的(de)(de)異常過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，保護電(dian)(dian)路免受過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)損害。
　　壓(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)是一種具(ju)有瞬態電(dian)壓(ya)抑(yi)制(zhi)功能的(de)元(yuan)件，可(ke)以用來代替瞬態抑(yi)制(zhi)二極管、齊納二極管和電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)的(de)組合。壓(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)可(ke)以對IC及其(qi)它(ta)設備的(de)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)進行保護，防止因(yin)靜電(dian)放電(dian)、浪涌及其(qi)它(ta)瞬態電(dian)流(如雷擊等)而造成對它(ta)們的(de)損壞(huai)。使用時只(zhi)需(xu)將壓(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)并(bing)接于被保護的(de)IC或設備電(dian)路(lu)(lu)上，當(dang)電(dian)壓(ya)瞬間高于某一數值時，壓(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)阻(zu)值迅速(su)下降，導通(tong)大電(dian)流，從而保護IC或電(dian)器(qi)(qi)設備；當(dang)電(dian)壓(ya)低于壓(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)壓(ya)值時，壓(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)阻(zu)值極高，近乎開路(lu)(lu)，因(yin)而不會影(ying)響器(qi)(qi)件或電(dian)器(qi)(qi)設備的(de)正常工(gong)作(zuo)。
　　三、壓敏電阻的(de)標稱參數
　　壓敏電(dian)阻用(yong)(yong)字母“MY”表示，如加J為家(jia)用(yong)(yong)，后面(mian)的(de)字母W、G、P、L、H、Z、B、C、N、K分別用(yong)(yong)于穩壓、過(guo)壓保護(hu)、高(gao)頻電(dian)路(lu)、防雷、滅弧、消(xiao)(xiao)噪、補償、消(xiao)(xiao)磁、高(gao)能或高(gao)可靠等(deng)方面(mian)。壓敏電(dian)阻雖然能吸(xi)收很(hen)大的(de)浪涌電(dian)能量(liang)，但不(bu)能承受毫安級(ji)以上(shang)的(de)持(chi)續電(dian)流，在用(yong)(yong)作過(guo)壓保護(hu)時必須考慮到這一點。
　　四、壓敏電阻(zu)的特性參數
　　①壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)UN(U1mA)：通(tong)(tong)常以在壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上通(tong)(tong)過1mA直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)來表示其是(shi)否導(dao)通(tong)(tong)的標志電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就稱為壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)UN。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也常用符號U1mA表示。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的誤(wu)差范圍一(yi)般是(shi)±10%。在試(shi)驗和實際使用中，通(tong)(tong)常把壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)從正常值下降(jiang)10%作(zuo)為壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻失效的判(pan)據。
　　②最大持續(xu)工作電壓(ya)UC：指壓(ya)敏電阻能(neng)長期承(cheng)受(shou)的(de)最大交流電壓(ya)(有(you)效值(zhi))Uac或(huo)最大直流電壓(ya)Udc。一(yi)般Uac≈0.64U1mA，Udc≈0.83U1mA。
　　③通(tong)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(最大沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)流(liu)(liu))IP：指壓敏電(dian)阻能夠承受的(de)8/20μs波的(de)最大沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)峰值。“能夠承受”的(de)含義(yi)是，沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)后壓敏電(dian)壓的(de)變化率不大于10%。現(xian)行的(de)技術規格書中(zhong)通(tong)常都給出了沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)1次的(de)IP值。
　　④最大(da)箝(qian)位(wei)電(dian)壓(ya)(限制電(dian)壓(ya))VC：技(ji)術規格書中給出的最大(da)箝(qian)位(wei)電(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)是指(zhi)給壓(ya)敏電(dian)阻(zu)施加規定的8/20μs波沖擊電(dian)流IX(A)時壓(ya)敏電(dian)阻(zu)上呈現的電(dian)壓(ya)。
　　實(shi)際(ji)使用中，壓敏(min)電(dian)壓越高(gao)，施加的沖擊電(dian)流(liu)越大，限制電(dian)壓(或稱殘(can)壓)就越高(gao)，可(ke)從產品給出的V-I曲線上查(cha)到。
　　⑤額定能量(liang)E：額定能量(liang)是指壓敏電(dian)(dian)阻能夠承(cheng)受規定波形的(de)沖(chong)擊電(dian)(dian)流(liu)沖(chong)擊一次的(de)最(zui)大(da)能量(liang)(沖(chong)擊后壓敏電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)變(bian)化率不大(da)于10%)，可(ke)用下式表示：E=K*IP*VC*T
　　式中：IP、VC見上，T為(wei)脈沖寬度(du)，K為(wei)與波(bo)形有關(guan)的常數。對于(yu)8/20μs波(bo)和10/1000μs波(bo)，K=1.4；對于(yu)2ms方波(bo)，K=1。
　　⑥額(e)定功(gong)率(lv)(最(zui)大(da)平均功(gong)率(lv))Pm：指(zhi)壓敏電阻在室溫下，連續承受(shou)多次沖(chong)擊，且各次沖(chong)擊之間間隔時間較短，因(yin)而(er)有熱(re)積(ji)累效應的情況下，能夠承受(shou)的最(zui)大(da)平均功(gong)率(lv)。盡管壓敏電阻能承受(shou)很(hen)大(da)的脈沖(chong)功(gong)率(lv)，但能承受(shou)的平均功(gong)率(lv)卻很(hen)小(xiao)。
　　⑦電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C0：指(zhi)壓(ya)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)間呈(cheng)現的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，在幾pF～幾百(bai)nF的范圍內。體積越(yue)小(xiao)，壓(ya)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容越(yue)小(xiao)。
　　⑧漏電(dian)(dian)流Il：給(gei)壓(ya)敏電(dian)(dian)阻施加(jia)(jia)最大直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Udc時(shi)流過的(de)電(dian)(dian)流。測量漏電(dian)(dian)流時(shi)，通常給(gei)壓(ya)敏電(dian)(dian)阻加(jia)(jia)上Udc=0.83U1mA的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(有(you)時(shi)也用0.75U1mA)。一(yi)般要(yao)求靜態(tai)漏電(dian)(dian)流Il≤20μA(也有(you)要(yao)求≤10μA的(de))。在(zai)(zai)實際使用中(zhong)，更關心的(de)不是(shi)靜態(tai)漏電(dian)(dian)流值本身的(de)大小，而是(shi)它的(de)穩定(ding)性，即在(zai)(zai)沖擊試(shi)驗后或在(zai)(zai)高溫(wen)條件(jian)下(xia)的(de)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)。在(zai)(zai)沖擊試(shi)驗后或在(zai)(zai)高溫(wen)條件(jian)下(xia)其變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)不超(chao)過一(yi)倍，即認為是(shi)穩定(ding)的(de)。
　　⑨非(fei)線性指數α：指電壓的變(bian)化對(dui)電流的影響能力，可用公式表示(shi)為：
　　I=KUα或(huo)α=loglog
　　由前式可見(jian)，α越大(da)表明(ming)電(dian)壓(ya)的變化對電(dian)流(liu)的影響能力越大(da)，非(fei)線性特性越好。由后(hou)式可見(jian)，α是伏(fu)安特性上各點斜率的倒數，特性越平坦(tan)的地(di)方，α越大(da)(漏電(dian)流(liu)區和(he)飽和(he)區α=1，又稱低α區)。用(yong)儀器(qi)測量時(shi)，一般設(she)定I2=1mA，I1=0.1mA，所以
　　αT=1/log(U1mA/U0.1mA)
　　五、壓敏電阻的降額(e)特(te)性
　　對(dui)壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)進行沖(chong)擊試驗時，隨(sui)著所要進行的(de)沖(chong)擊次數的(de)增(zeng)加，每次所施加的(de)沖(chong)擊電(dian)(dian)流要相應地減(jian)小(xiao)。例(li)如：Ф20基片的(de)標準(zhun)壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(U1mA≥82V的(de))，其降額(e)特性如下(xia)表所示(shi)(可從廠(chang)家給(gei)出的(de)浪涌壽命次數定額(e)曲線中查到)：
　　允許沖(chong)擊次數1次2次10次100次1000次10000次
　　每次沖擊電流6500A4000A2000A1000A430A200A
　　六、壓敏電阻的測量
　　測量時將萬用表置10k檔，表筆(bi)接(jie)于電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)兩(liang)端，萬用表上(shang)(shang)應顯(xian)示出(chu)壓敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)標示的阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)，如果超出(chu)這個數值(zhi)很(hen)大，則說明(ming)壓敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)已損
　　七(qi)、壓敏電阻的選(xuan)型
　　壓(ya)敏電阻的選(xuan)用，一般(ban)選(xuan)擇標稱壓(ya)敏電壓(ya)V1mA和通流容量兩個參數。
　　1、所謂(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，即擊穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)或閾值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。指在(zai)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流下的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，大多數情況下用(yong)1mA直流電(dian)(dian)流通入壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻器時測(ce)得的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)，其產品的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)范圍(wei)可(ke)以從10-9000V不等。可(ke)根據(ju)具體需要正確選(xuan)用(yong)。一般(ban)1mA=“1”.5Vp=“2”.2VAC，式中，Vp為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)額(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)峰值(zhi)。VAC為(wei)(wei)額(e)定(ding)(ding)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)有效值(zhi)。ZnO壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)選(xuan)擇(ze)是至(zhi)關重要的(de)，它關系(xi)到(dao)保護效果(guo)與使用(yong)壽(shou)命。如一臺用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)額(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)220V，則壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)V1mA=“1”.5Vp=“1”.5××220V=“476V”，V1mA=“2”.2VAC=“2”.2×220V=“484V”，因此(ci)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)擊穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)選(xuan)在(zai)470-480V之間(jian)。
　　2、所謂通(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)容量(liang)(liang)，即最(zui)大脈沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)值是環境溫度為(wei)25℃情況下(xia)，對(dui)于(yu)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)波形(xing)和規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)次數而言(yan)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化不(bu)超(chao)過±10%時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大脈沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值。為(wei)了延(yan)長器件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命，ZnO壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)所吸收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪涌電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)幅值應小于(yu)手冊中給出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)最(zui)大通(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)。然而從保護效果出發(fa)，要求(qiu)所選用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)大一(yi)些好。在許多情況下(xia)，實際發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)是很(hen)難精確計(ji)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，則(ze)選用(yong)2-20KA的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)。如手頭產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)能滿足使(shi)用(yong)要求(qiu)時，可將(jiang)幾只單(dan)個(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)并聯使(shi)用(yong)，并聯后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)不(bu)變，其(qi)通(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)各(ge)單(dan)只壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)數值之和。要求(qiu)并聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)伏安特性盡量(liang)(liang)相同，否則(ze)易引(yin)起(qi)分流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)均(jun)勻而損壞壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。
　　八、壓(ya)敏電阻的(de)使用
　　壓敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)一般并聯(lian)在電(dian)路中(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)，當電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)兩端的電(dian)壓發生急劇變化(hua)時，電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)短路將電(dian)流保(bao)(bao)險絲熔斷(duan)，起到保(bao)(bao)護作用(yong)。壓敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)在電(dian)路中(zhong)，常(chang)用(yong)于電(dian)源過壓保(bao)(bao)護和(he)穩壓。
　　電(dian)(dian)源防雷(lei)(lei)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性、安全性在(zai)很大程度(du)(du)上依(yi)賴(lai)于壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)正確使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，以下(xia)(xia)原則可供(gong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)參考。特別要指(zhi)出的(de)(de)(de)是，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)源防雷(lei)(lei)設(she)計中還要考慮各個(ge)地方的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源質量差(cha)(cha)別、雷(lei)(lei)擊頻度(du)(du)和強(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)別、被保護設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)安裝(zhuang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)情況(kuang)和沖擊耐受能(neng)力等的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)別，不(bu)能(neng)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)個(ge)公式照搬照套。設(she)計好的(de)(de)(de)防雷(lei)(lei)保護裝(zhuang)置必須(xu)在(zai)現場使(shi)用(yong)(yong)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)或(huo)盡可能(neng)接近真(zhen)實情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)模擬條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)進行試驗驗證(zheng)。①壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)：
　　一般可用下式計算：
　　U1mA=KUac
　　式中：K為與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)有(you)關的系數(shu)，一般取K=(2～3)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)較好的城市(shi)可取小(xiao)些，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)較差(cha)的農村(特別是山(shan)區(qu))可取大些。Uac為交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)有(you)效值。對于220V～240V交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)防雷器，應選用(yong)(yong)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為470V～620V的壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較合適。選用(yong)(yong)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高一點的壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，可以降低(di)故障率，延長(chang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命，但(dan)殘壓(ya)(ya)略有(you)增大。
　　②標稱放電電流的計算：
　　壓敏(min)電(dian)阻的(de)標(biao)稱放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)應大(da)于要(yao)求承(cheng)受的(de)浪涌電(dian)流(liu)或每年可能出現的(de)最(zui)大(da)浪涌電(dian)流(liu)。標(biao)稱放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)應按壓敏(min)電(dian)阻浪涌壽命次(ci)數定額(e)曲線中沖擊10次(ci)以上的(de)數值進行(xing)計算(suan)，約為最(zui)大(da)沖擊通流(liu)量的(de)30%(即(ji)0.3IP)左右。
　　③壓敏電阻的并聯：
　　當一個(ge)壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)滿足不了標(biao)稱放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)要(yao)求時(shi)，應采用(yong)多個(ge)壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)并聯使(shi)用(yong)。有時(shi)為(wei)了降低限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，即使(shi)標(biao)稱放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)滿足要(yao)求也采用(yong)多個(ge)壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)并聯。要(yao)特別注意的(de)是(shi)，壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)并聯使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)，一定(ding)要(yao)嚴(yan)格挑(tiao)選參數一致的(de)(例如：ΔU1mA≤3V，Δα≤3)進行配(pei)(pei)對，以保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)均(jun)勻(yun)分配(pei)(pei)。
　　九(jiu)、壓敏電阻使用時的注(zhu)意事項
　　壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)模(mo)式通(tong)常是(shi)短(duan)(duan)路，為了防止壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源短(duan)(duan)路而起火，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在每個(ge)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)串聯一個(ge)溫(wen)度(du)(du)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)或熱(re)脫離機構。溫(wen)度(du)(du)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)應與壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)有(you)良好的(de)(de)熱(re)耦合，當(dang)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(高阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)短(duan)(duan)路)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，它所產生的(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)把溫(wen)度(du)(du)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)熔斷，從(cong)而使(shi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路分離，確保(bao)(bao)(bao)設備的(de)(de)安全。當(dang)較高的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)作用在壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，可(ke)(ke)能使(shi)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)瞬間擊(ji)穿短(duan)(duan)路(低(di)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)短(duan)(duan)路)，而溫(wen)度(du)(du)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)還來不(bu)及熔斷，還可(ke)(ke)能起火。為避(bi)免這種現象發(fa)生，可(ke)(ke)在每個(ge)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)再串聯一個(ge)耐沖(chong)擊(ji)工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(單用工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)則在老化失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)能不(bu)熔斷)。也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)把壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與陶(tao)瓷(ci)氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)串聯使(shi)用，正常工(gong)(gong)作時(shi)(shi)(shi)陶(tao)瓷(ci)氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)不(bu)導通(tong)，壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)沒有(you)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)大大延(yan)長使(shi)用壽命；受浪涌沖(chong)擊(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，陶(tao)瓷(ci)氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)首先擊(ji)穿，然后由壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)限(xian)制(zhi)浪涌電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，總的(de)(de)殘壓(ya)(ya)為兩(liang)者之和(he)，略有(you)增大(幾十(shi)伏(fu))；沖(chong)擊(ji)過去后，由于壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)限(xian)制(zhi)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)不(bu)能維持導通(tong)而熄弧，恢(hui)復為正常工(gong)(gong)作狀(zhuang)態；當(dang)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)短(duan)(duan)路失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)后，因陶(tao)瓷(ci)氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)流過很(hen)大的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也會很(hen)快失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)，但它的(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)模(mo)式絕(jue)大多數是(shi)開路，因而不(bu)易(yi)引起火災。
　　所以，我們設備(bei)中(zhong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電阻(zu)(zu)的選(xuan)(xuan)型(xing)基本沒有(you)錯誤(wu)，根據(ju)公式，應(ying)該(gai)選(xuan)(xuan)取壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)即標稱電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為130V的壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電阻(zu)(zu)，根據(ju)就上不就下的原(yuan)則，實際應(ying)該(gai)選(xuan)(xuan)取14D151型(xing)號。而且，在實際使(shi)用(yong)方法上，我們不應(ying)該(gai)直(zhi)接將壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電阻(zu)(zu)并接，根據(ju)實際情況，應(ying)該(gai)把(ba)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電阻(zu)(zu)與陶瓷氣(qi)體(ti)放電管(guan)串聯使(shi)用(yong)。

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